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Estimates of the Native Californian population have varied substantially, both with respect to California's pre-contact count and for changes during subsequent periods. Pre-contact estimates range from 133,000 to 705,000 with some recent scholars concluding that these estimates are low. Following the European people's arrival into California, disease and other factors〔Crawford, ''Native Americans of the Pontiac's War'', 245–250〕 brought the population as low as 25,000. It is estimated that some 4,500 Indigenous Californians suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870.〔(Minorities During the Gold Rush )〕 As of 2005, California is the state with the largest self-identified Native American population according to the U.S. Census at 696,600.〔U.S. Census 2006〕 ==Pre-contact estimates== Figures for the Native Californian population prior to European entry into the region have been based on a number of different sources, including: mission records (births, baptisms, deaths, and total numbers of neophytes at particular periods); * counts of villages that are known from historic, ethnographic, or archaeological records, multiplied by estimates of the average number of inhabitants per village; * ecological estimates of the regional human carrying capacity, given aboriginal technologies and economies; * population density extrapolations from better-documented regions to less well known ones; and * extrapolations back from historic censuses, using estimated rates of population decrease. Few analysts claim that these methods yield accurate numbers and estimates by different analysts commonly vary by a factor of two or more. Stephen Powers (1872:307) initially proposed an estimate of 1,520,000 for the pre-contact population of the state. He subsequently reduced this figure to 705,000.〔Powers 1875:308〕 C. Hart Merriam (1905) offered the first detailed analysis, based on mission records and extrapolation to non-missionized areas. His estimate for the state as a whole was 260,000. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:880-891) made a detailed re-analysis, both for the state as a whole and for the individual ethnolinguistic groups within it. He reduced Merriam's figure by about half, to 133,000 Native Californians in 1770. Martin A. Baumhoff (1963) used an ecological evaluation of carrying capacity to propose an aboriginal population of 350,000. Sherburne F. Cook was the most persistent and painstaking student of the problem, examining in detail both pre-contact estimates and the history of demographic decline during mission and post-mission periods. Initially, in 1943, Cook (1976a:161-194) arrived at a figure only 7% higher than the one previously suggested by Kroeber: 133,550 (excluding the Modoc, Northern Paiute, Washoe, Owens Valley Paiute, and Colorado River Yumans). Subsequently, Cook (1976b, 1978) raised his estimate to 310,000. Some scholars now believe that waves of epidemic diseases reached California well in advance of the arrival of the Franciscans in 1769 (Preston 1996, 2002). If correct, this may imply that population estimates using the beginning of the mission period as a baseline have substantially underestimated the state's pre-Columbian population. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Population of Native California」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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